Warner Bros Essay Research Paper The Warner free essay sample

Warner Bros. Essay, Research Paper The Warner household immigrated from Poland to Baltimore in 1883 and for several old ages traveled around the United States and Canada before eventually settling in Youngstown, Ohio. Of the 12 kids, Harry was born in Poland in 1881 ; Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario, in 1892. In 1903 the household purchased the 90-seat Cascade Theatre, a jukebox in Newcastle, Pennsylvania ( where Jack American ginseng for the audience during intermissions ) . By 1905, Jack, Harry, and brothers Albert and Sam were besides in movie distribution, and started movie exchanges in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Compelled to sell out to the Patents Company non long after, they resumed working in exhibition and by 1913 were bring forthing movies with Warner Features. By 1917 they had a hit with the wartime biopic My Four Old ages In Germany, based on Ambassador James W. Gerard s book, and in 1923 they incorporated a company and started a Hollywood-based studio called Warner Bros. We will write a custom essay sample on Warner Bros Essay Research Paper The Warner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harry, the president, and Albert, the financial officer, managed the New York central office, while Sam, the main executive, and Jack, production head, ran the California studio. They released over a twelve movies that twelvemonth, and shortly had their first large star: a German shepherd called Rin Tin Tin. Darryl F. Zanuck was skilled at scripting these popular escapade movies, and wrote such Rin Tin Tin hits as Find Your Man ( 1924 ) and The Lighthouse By The Sea ( 1925 ) . He was besides expert at comedy and play, and among his many 20s composing credits are slapstick comedies starring Charlie Chaplin s brother Sydney, including the 1926 hits Oh! What A Nurse! and The Better Ole. Warners besides had John Barrymore under contract and had starred him in Beau Brummel ( 1924 ) and the Moby-Dick version The Sea Beast ( 1926 ) . German manager Ernst Lubitsch signed a five-picture trade with Charles dudley warners in 1924, and made such memorable comedies as The Marriage Circle ( 192 4 ) , Lady Windermere s Fan ( 1925 ) , and So This Is Paris ( 1926 ) . In 1925 the studio acquired the production company Vitagraph along with its web of exchanges. The undermentioned twelvemonth Charles dudley warners teamed with Western Electric to organize a subordinate called Vitaphone, which developed a system of prerecorded sound played on phonograph record, to attach to soundless movies. They tested this technique for adding music and sound effects in some musical trunkss every bit good as their famed escapade characteristic, Don Juan ( 1926 ) with John Barrymore. Sam Warner, who helped contrive this sound procedure, died in 1927, the twenty-four hours before the studio released the first characteristic with synchronised vocals and duologue: The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson. The movie s dramatic success, and the revolution in speaking films that followed, made Warner Bros. one of Hollywood s most powerful movie studios. Charles dudley warners had besides been purchasing up theatres in the 1920s, which gave them control of the market for first-run releases ; by the begining of the thirtiess they were one of the five large incorporate major studios, along with Fox, MGM, Paramount, and RKO. In 1928 Charles dudley warners released the first all-talking movie, the hit mobster film The Lights Of New York, a two-reeler that they had expanded into an hour-long characteristic. Zanuck was appointed studio director that same twelvemonth, and shortly thenceforth became caput of production. Charles dudley warners so farther expanded by purchasing out First National Pictures # 8212 ; and harvesting their huge distribution system and immense studio installation in Burbank. Zanuck stayed at Warners until 1933, when he left to organize his twentieth Century company ( subsequently to unify with Fox as 20th Century-Fox ) ; but during the early 30s he supervised many of the movies that launched extremely profitable genres for Warners. The studio s illustriousness at doing tough mobster films began with the Zanuck productions Little Caesar ( 1930 ) , directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Edward G. Robinson, and The Public Enemy ( 1930 ) , directed by William A. Wellman and starring James Cagney. Warners celebrity in social-protest play started with Zanuck s Five Star Final ( 1931 ) and I Am A Fugitive From A Chain Gang ( 1932 ) , both directed by LeRoy. Zanuck besides supervised Disraeli ( 1929 ) , starring George Arliss, which began Warner s successful rhythm of historical biopics, and the authoritative musical 42nd Street ( 1933 ) , starring Dick Powell and Ruby Keeler and choreographed by Busby Berkeley. The offense or gangster image became about a Charles dudley warners signature in the 30s, thanks to stars Robinson ( The Hatchet Man, 1932 ) , Cagney ( Lady Killer, 1933 ) , and, by the mid 1930s, Humphrey Bogart ( The Petrified Forest, 1936 ; Dead End, 1937 ) . As Robinson and Cagney became large stars, their parts became more sympathetic, even in offense movies # 8212 ; with Bogart as the bad bad-guy, acquiring his balls from Robinson in Bullets Or Ballots ( 1936 ) and The Amazing Doctor Clitterhouse ( 1938 ) , or from Cagney in Angels With Dirty Faces ( 1939 ) and The Roaring Twenties ( 1939 ) . Warners grittiness besides paid off in acute societal play, most notably Wellman s Wild Boys Of The Road ( 1933 ) and LeRoy s They Wo nt Forget ( 1937 ) , and in several hard-bitten prison movies, including 20,000 Old ages In Singing Sing ( 1933 ) and San Quentin ( 1937 ) . Historical lifes worked good with Arliss ( Alexander Hamilton, 1931 ; Voltaire, 1933 ) , until he moved on to work at Fox in 1934. The studio kept up its committedness to the genre with manager William Dieterle and histrion Paul Muni: The Story Of Louis Pasteur ( 1935 ) , The Life Of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) , Juarez ( 1939 ) . The 30s besides saw legion musicals from Warners, most notably those choreographed by Berkeley: Gold Diggers Of 1933 ( 1933 ) , Foot light Parade ( 1933 ) , Dames ( 1934 ) , and Gold Diggers Of 1935 ( 1935, which he besides directed ) . Feeling the pinch in the Depression, the studio was careful to conserve in its wages and agendas. Yet its roll of endowment and scope of production expanded over the 30s. Bette Davis became a major star in a series of popular romantic play, including Dangerous ( 1935 ) , That Certain Woman ( 1937 ) , Jezebel ( 1938 ) , Dark Victory ( 1939 ) , and The Old Maid ( 1939 ) . Errol Flynn was embraced by the populace in his bestiring actioners directed by Michael Curtiz: Captain Blood ( 1935 ) , The Charge Of The Light Brigade ( 1936 ) , and The Adventures Of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) . The studio could besides tout a tight brace of horror movies directed by Curtiz, The Mystery Of The Wax Museum ( 1933 ) and The Walking Dead ( 1936 ) ; a fashionable Shakespeare version directed by Dieterle and Max Reinhardt, A Midsumer Night s Dream ( 1935 ) ; manager Howard Hawks play of rival mail pilots, C eiling Zero ( 1936 ) ; and the espionage play Confessions Of A Nazi Spy ( 1939 ) . The 40s brought alterations to Warners intervention of genres. Social play faded with the Depression. The historical biopic trend ended with Dieterle directing Robinson in two 1940 movies, Dr. Ehrlich s Magic Bullet and A Dispatch From Reuters. Crime films were eclipsed by the force of World War Two ; the studio s mobster rhythm besides peaked that twelvemonth with manager Raoul Walsh s High Sierra, in which Humphrey Bogart became a star playing a sympathetic mobster. After the war, the genre had its last hooray at Charles dudley warners with two authoritative public presentations: Robinson in Key Largo ( 1948 ) , directed by John Huston, and Cagney in White Heat ( 1949 ) , directed by Walsh. The war attempt besides transformed Warners musicals, which now tended to be star-filled flagwavers: Thank Your Lucky Stars ( 1943 ) , This Is The Army ( 1943 ) , Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) . Even the studio s biopic of George M. Cohan, the authoritative Yankee Doodle Dandy ( 1942 ) starring James Cagney, was portion of the good battle. Bette Davis became an even more formidable star at Warners in the 40s, demanding better functions and acquiring them: The Letter ( 1940 ) , In This Our Life ( 1942 ) , Now, Voyager ( 1942 ) , Old Acquaintance ( 1943 ) , Watch On The Rhine ( 1943 ) , The Corn Is Green ( 1945 ) , Deception ( 1946 ) , and Beyond The Forest ( 1949 ) , her last movie under contract at Warners. Joan Crawford left MGM and signed with Warners, where she d do her finest three-hankie play: Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , Humoresque ( 1946 ) , Possessed ( 1947 ) , Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) . After his daredevil The Sea Hawk ( 1940 ) , Errol Flynn kept busy in the 40s with Westerns ( Virginia City, 1940 ; They Died With Their Boots On, 1941 ; San Antonio, 1945 ; Silver River, 1948 ) and war movies ( Dive Bomber, 1941 ; Desperate Journey, 1942 ; Edge Of Darkness, 1943 ; Objectiv e Burma!, 1945). After Warners rewon World War One with The Fighting 69th (1940) and Sergeant York (1941), the studio took on the Axis in such popular combat films as Action In The North Atlantic (1943), Air Force (1943), Destination Tokyo (1943), God Is My Co-Pilot (1945). After High Sierra, Bogart secured his stardom with the classic The Maltese Falcon (1941), an adaptation of Dashiell Hammetts detective novel, and the first film directed by Warners writer John Huston. Bogart went on to star in several first-rate Warners films of the 40s, most notably the classic wartime drama of romance and espionage, Casablanca (1942); To Have And Have Not (1945) and The Big Sleep (1946), both directed by Howard Hawks and co-starring Lauren Bacall; and Hustons classic account of greed and paranoia, The Treasure Of The Sierra Madre (1948). The Maltese Falcon had also co-starred the great character actor Peter Lorre with Hustons discovery, stage actor Sydney Greenstreet. Warners went on to team t he pair as leads in several first-rate mysteries and thrillers, including The Mask Of Dimitrios (1944) and Three Strangers (1946), both directed by Jean Negulseco, and The Verdict (1946), directed by Don Siegel. Other important Warners releases of the 40s include the sports biopic Knut Rockne — All American (1940); the Jack London adaptation The Sea Wolf (1941); the dark drama Kings Row (1942); Pride Of The Marines (1945), with John Garfield as a blinded veteran; the espionage film Cloak And Dagger (1946); the drama of a deaf-mute girl, Johnny Belinda (1948); King Vidors adaptation of Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead (1949); and the Danny Kaye comedy The Inspector General (1949). The studios animation department, active since 1930, came into its own in the 40s thanks to such directors as Tex Avery, Friz Freleng, Bob Clampett, Frank Tashlin, and Chuck Jones, who made Warners the center of the short-cartoon universe with a gallery of beloved cartoon stars: Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Tweety and Sylvester, Yosemite Sam, and the Road Runner and the Coyote. Two major filmmakers also worked at Warners during the 40s. Frank Capra directed a pair of films, Meet John Doe (1941) with Gary Cooper and Arsenic And Old Lace (1941, released 44) with Cary Grant, before leaving to join the military. Alfred Hitchcock began working at Warners after the war with the thrillers Rope (1948) and Under Capricorn (1949); his work there became even stronger in the 50s, especially with Strangers On A Train (1951), Dial M For Murder (1954), and The Wrong Man (1957). John Huston had become an independent filmmaker at the end of the 40s, but returned to Warners for one of his best films of the decade, the Melville adaptation Moby Dick (1956). Elia Kazan directed many of his finest films at Warners in the 50s: the Tennessee Williams adaptations A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) and Baby Doll (1956); the John Steinbeck adaptation East Of Eden (1954), which introduced James D ean; and the provocative satire of media manipulation, A Face In The Crowd (1956). James Deans other two films, both released after his death, were also for Warners: the classic drama of troubled teenagers, Rebel Without A Cause (1955), directed by Nicholas Ray, and George Stevens epic Giant (1956), from the novel by Edna Ferber. Warners biggest difficulties in the 1950s were competition from television and the loss of its theater holdings in 1953, when the governments Consent Decree split the company into two entities: The theaters went to the control of Fabian Enterprises, Inc., and production and distribution were to be handled by Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. In 1956 Harry and Albert Warner sold their shares in the company to an investment group; Jack kept his shares, becoming the single largest shareholder and president of the company. During these years, singer and actress Doris Day became a star at Warners with such hit musicals as By The Light Of The Silvery Moon (1953), Calam ity Jane (1953), and The Pajama Game (1957). The studio also made several notable Westerns in the late 50s: John Fords The Searchers (1956), Arthur Penns The Left-Handed Gun (1958), Delmer Daves The Hanging Tree (1959), and Howard Hawks Rio Bravo (1959). In the 60s, many of Warners biggest hits were films with a pre-sold audience, thanks to their genesis as successful plays: Dore Scharys FDR biopic Sunrise At Campobello (1960); the Americana musical The Music Man (1962); Edward Albees Whos Afraid Of Virginia Woolf? (1965), the debut film of director Mike Nichols; the classic Lerner and Loewe musical My Fair Lady (1965), directed by George Cukor. Other major Warners releases of the early 60s include director Fred Zinnemanns Australian comedy/drama, The Sundowners (1960); the romantic drama Splendor In The Grass (1960) and the immigrant saga America, America (1963), both directed by Elia Kazan; producer/director Robert Aldrichs gothic thriller What Ever Happened To Baby Jane? (1962), with Bette Davis and Joan Crawford; the alcoholism drama Days Of Wine And Roses (1962), directed by Blake Edwards; and two John Ford Westerns, the race-themed Sergeant Rutledge (1960) and the epic Cheyenne Autumn (1964). In 1967 Warners was acquired by the Canadian-based Seven Arts Productions, Ltd., and became Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, Ltd.; Jack Warner sold them his shares and became an independent producer, making the flop big-budget musical Camelot (1967). Before the new company was bought out by the end of the decade, it released three of Warners most important films of the 60s: Arthur Penns landmark Bonnie And Clyde (1967); John Hustons drama of homosexual repression, Reflections In A Golden Eye (1967); and Sam Peckinpahs classic Western The Wild Bunch (1969).The conglomerate Kinney National Service acquired Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1969, and in 1971 changed its name to Warner Communications, Inc. Former talent agent Ted Ashley was appointed chairman and CEO of the studio (no w reverted to its old name, Warner Bros.) and guided Warners to many of its most successful 1970s releases: the horror hit The Exorcist (1973); Mel Brooks classic Western spoof, Blazing Saddles (1974); the disaster film The Towering Inferno (1974), a co-production with 20th Century-Fox; the Watergate saga All The Presidents Men (1976); the musical remake A Star Is Born (1976) with Barbra Streisand; the Neil Simon comedy The Goodbye Girl (1977), a co-production with MGM; and the action series started by Superman (1978). Actor Clint Eastwood began releasing his films almost exclusively through Warner Bros., kicking off with a string of box-office hits: The Outlaw Josie Wales (1976), The Enforcer (1976), The Gauntlet (1977), and Every Which Way But Loose (1978). Robert A. Daly succeeded Ashley in 1980, with Terry Semel becoming president and COO; together, they brought Warners to such hits as the series launched by Police Academy (1984) and Lethal Weapon (1987); Stanley Kubricks adapta tion of Stephen King, The Shining (1980); Tom Cruises breakthrough film, Risky Business (1983); Joe Dantes horror comedy Gremlins (1984); the Cambodian drama The Killing Fields (1984); and Steven Speilbergs Alice Walker adaptation, The Color Purple (1985). Eastwood continued to score with a range of genres: comedy (Any Which Way You Can, 1980), action (Firefox, 1982), crime (Sudden Impact, 1983; Tightrope, 1984), Western (Pale Rider, 1985), and war (Heartbreak Ridge, 1986). Time, Inc., purchased Warner Communications in 1989 and created Time-Warner, one of the largest communications and entertainment companies in the world. That same year, Warners hit box-office gold again with the series launched by director Tim Burtons Batman. The studios other major hits of the 90s include the drama Driving Miss Daisy (1990); the Kevin Costner vehicles Robin Hood: Prince Of Thieves (1991) and The Bodyguard (1992); Oliver Stones political drama JFK (1991); Spike Lees biopic Malcolm X (1992); the C lint Eastwood Western Unforgiven (1992); the television-derived drama The Fugitive (1993); the save-the-whale kids film Free Willy (1993); and the animation/live-action blend Space Jam (1996) which teams basketball player Michael Jordan with Bugs Bunny. With a track record such as this, the studio that was pivotal in bringing sound to motion pictures should continue to hold the ears — and eyes — of audiences for a long time to come.

My Childhood Memories Essay Example

My Childhood Memories Essay Example My Childhood Memories Essay My Childhood Memories Essay Oh no! I shouted at the top of my voice. delight don’t interrupt down my grandparents’ house I had merely returned from New York to Trinidad with my parents. I left Trinidad when I was six old ages old. I grew up in couva with my grandparents. where I had many friends populating in there in the same villag. vitamin E I walked through the street where my friends and I one time played leap rope. The sight of the many antique houses caught my attending. I stop as I started at one house with boarded up Windowss. It looked weather beaten. but the sight of that house painted a arch smiling on my face because it was the house where I one time stole Mangifera indicas from my neighour. Uncle Bob. As I approached the pace a sea of colorss rushed past my eyes and painted the house and the garden became alive with fresh flowers and rocking coconut trees. I saw myself singing under the Poui tree and grandmother conveying newly extracted sugar cane juice for me. Even though this was merely a memory I could hear the tuneful vocalizing of the birds all twenty-four hours. Once once more. I could smell the frangranced sent of the big roses that bloomed near to the garden. Before I got off the swing I looked up to the tree and saw the soft. xanthous poui petals recognizing my face. Some of the bantam flowers gracefully fell at my pess. I grabbed a smattering and through it up in the air. I saw the vision of myself recognizing the nurseryman. who gave me roses to set in the vase. He was ever really sort and didn’t mind me playing in the garden.

Car Killer

Electricity is always part of our lives in the late 1990's, as GM's efforts to put electric cars on the market are reasonable, as people will start using electric cars as they think . In that way, the car will be a higher model than other models with zero emissions and stylish design, GM EV 1 is ruthless and has no gas and no oil at all. Many people think this car is the answer to the smog problem we are facing, but we will prevent global warming and solve the planet's environmental problems more. At the end there is a murderer. If this murderer is a human being, he will never run. He or she always walks very slowly, but he always keeps up with the victim, regardless of whether he is running or taking a car. This killer is always very creative about killing. Murder is not the same. The murderer like to make it interesting. The murderer finally died in the movie, and the heroes felt they won, but the murderer actually did not die many times, and there was a sequel to the new group. Di fferent stereotypes of the same name Serial killer is a foresightful serial killer. A foresight continuous killer thinks I saw a vision that they heard that sound and ordered murder. For example, David Barkowitz, known as Sam's Son claimed to have killed six young ladies and their boyfriend, as though they had parked in New York's Lovers' alley, and thought that the dog was alive did. In the hole of the wall. His apartment told him to do so. Foresight continuous killers often suffer from serious mental illness. The second type of serial killer is task oriented. The motivation for these serial killers is to eliminate certain types of people. They never saw the vision of listening to that sound or ordering to kill. Instead, they believe that the victims are unwelcome and that they will kill a noble mission. The victims of job-oriented serial killers may be homosexuals, prostitutes, members of a particular religion, or members of a particular race or ethnic group There are two serial k illers, an organizational serial killer and a disorderly serial killer. The systematic serial killer is very smart and has a plot of murder. They usually have murder weapons, they contract, they carefully leave no evidence, but take souvenirs. Some people may also leave trademarks or exceptional clues to discard the detectives. Psychiatric patients are usually systematic continuous killers. Psychiatric patients usually know the difference between right and wrong. On the other hand, an unorganized serial killer kills people whenever there is a chance; they are cluttered, leaving clues like fingerprints, blood, and even semen. Psychiatric continuous killers are often confused with crime and are more likely to be arrested. These serial killers are often not in contact with society.

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand - Essay Example Premium Economy class offered by Virgin constitutes a major chunk of its business that provides larger seats, priority in baggage reclaim, a cabin-exclusive crew, dedicated check-in and more that distinguishes them from the other airliners. Over these years, the VA brand is recognised as one of the most reliable and consumer-friendly air carrier that people have been ready to pay premium on their air travel; however, post 2008 financial crisis has caused major upheavals in the aviation industry. In last couple of years, numerous mergers have taken place among the major airliners and that has posed a grave threat to the VA. It becomes utmost necessary that Virgin forms a suitable merger or a strategic partnership with some other large airlines to improve its competitive edge over its rivals. Introduction Virgin airlines (VA) began its operations a way back in 1984 with a single route to New York; however, expanding its operations ever since then, currently, the Virgin flies to more th an 30 destinations with total 38 aircrafts at its disposal. At the home turf, Virgin competes with British Airways (BA) and holds number two position right behind BA beating many US carriers in the process. Competing with BA at all major routes is a big feat indeed! The paper aims at identifying and analysing the competitive strategy that Virgin Atlantic has deployed all these years against the formidable airlines of the world. Virgin Atlantic's Mission Statement Virgin Atlantic's mission statement is "To grow a profitable airline, that people love to fly and where people love to work" (Strategy and Policy, 2012). Objectives VA’s long-term objective is to grow and expand into a profitable airline creating a strong brand name in the aviation industry. In a bid to fulfill these objectives, the company moved to Heathrow in 1991. Since then the company has been able to push through many routes and several markets. Creating Competitive Strategy Lomax and Raman (2006) define compet itive advantage as the means that are necessary for the company to outperform its rivals in terms of earning higher than average profits. Hooley et al. (2008) argue that a well-formulated marketing strategy should be in place based on the competitive environment in which the company operates. Product positioning or niche marketing can derive benefits to the company when harnessed strategically (Johnson, 2011). Virgin competes with British Airways, Continental, American Airlines, United and Delta on transatlantic routes; BA, Cathay Pacific, ANA, and JAL to the Far East; SAA and BA to South Africa. Virgin has instituted a two class system for its passengers: Economy class and Upper Class. Economy class is further segmented into Premium Economy and Economy Class. Virgin employs several marketing techniques using its distinct logo to market its products and services that include print media, electronic media, taxi sides, outdoor posters. The sole purpose is to increase the awareness amo ng consumers about its products and services and inform the people about new routes. During off seasons, tactical promotional schemes are offered to increase the occupancy rates in air routes. Direct mail is another method used to inform about the new offerings and services. Frequent flyer programmes are used to increase the loyalty among existing customers.

Race and your community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and your community - Research Paper Example It shall present my account of how human interactions in my community have been racialized. This analysis is being undertaken in the hope of coming up with a thorough and analytical assessment of the race in relation to the community, in the hope of clearly establishing the trends and patterns of human behavior. First and foremost, I am of Romanian, African-American, and Indian descent. As a child, our family moved around a lot and because of this, I was exposed to and I grew up in a mixed community. When, I joined the service, I was still in a mixed community – living and being exposed to Caucasians, African-Americans, Asians, Europeans, and other races. At present, I am still in a mixed community, being exposed to different races and cultural groups. Some of the members of my community look like me. My features are predominantly African-American and some of the members of my community look the way I do. My coloring is not as dark as those who are of pure African-American descent and so, I am slightly different from them in this regard. About 35 percent of my community is of African-American descent. About forty percent of the community is Caucasian and I do not look like them at all because of my stronger African-American features. The leaders within my community are sometimes ambivalent to people like me. Most of the leaders are Caucasians (whites) and they seem to treat people who look like me with suspicion. One time, I complained with the leaders about a Caucasian neighbor who liked to play loud music at most times of the night. They spoke to the neighbor, but they did not do so with firm authority. After a few days of quiet, my neighbor resumed his loud music. In order to avoid any trouble, I just tried my best to ignore the loud antics of my neighbor. I saw however how differently I was treated by the leaders when it was my neighbor’s turn to complain when I

Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay Example for Free

Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay A TEORIA DO CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON E AS EXPERIÊNCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FATORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UM GUIA DISCIPLINAR PARA A PRà TICA PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM LA TEORà A DEL CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON Y LAS EXPERIENCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FACTORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UNA GUà A DISCIPLINAR PARA LA PRà CTICA PROFESIONAL DE ENFERMERà A Jean Watson2 This manuscript draws upon a previous publication with modifications: Watson J. Carative factors, Caritas processes guide to professional nursing. Danish Clinical Nursing Journal. 2006; 20 (3): 21-7. 2 PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN. Distinguished Professor of Nursing Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science, in the University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA. Web: www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 1 KEYWORDS: Teoria de enfermagem. Prà ¡tica profissional. Cuidados de enfermagem. Enfermagem. ABSTRACT: This article provides an overview of Watson’s theory of Human Caring, the notion of Caritas and human phenomena. Special emphasis is placed upon the theoretical structure of human caring theory referred to as 10 Carative Factors/Caritas Processes and subjective living processes and experiences. These core conceptual aspects of the theory and human living processes are grounded within the philosophical and ethical foundation of  the body of my caring theory work. Together they serve as a guide for professional practice, as well as a disciplinary blueprint for the Science of Care. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nur- RESUMO: Este artigo fornece uma visà £o geral da teoria de Cuidado Humano de Watson, a noà §Ãƒ £o de Caritas e sing theory. Professional practi- o fenà ´meno humano. Uma à ªnfase especial à © dada sobre os 10 Fatores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, os processos de viver humano e as experià ªncias subjetivas de vida que fazem parte da estrutura da teoria. Estes aspectos ce. Nursing care. Nursing. centrais dos conceitos da teoria e processos de viver sà £o desenvolvidos na fundamentaà §Ãƒ £o filosà ³fica e à ©tica do corpo da Teoria de Cuidado. Juntos, eles servem como um guia para a prà ¡tica profissional, bem como, um esquema disciplinar para a Cià ªncia do Cuidado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Teoria de enfermerà ­a. Prà ¡ctica profesional. Atencià ³n de enfermerà ­a. Enfermerà ­a. RESUMEN: El presente artà ­culo ofrece una visià ³n general sobre la teorà ­a del Cuidado Humano de Watson, la nocià ³n de Caritas y el fenà ³meno humano. En este estudio se da un à ©nfasis especial a los diez factores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, a los procesos del vivir humano y a las experiencias subjetivas de vida, los cuales forman parte de la estructura de la teorà ­a. Los aspectos centrales de los conceptos de la teorà ­a y los procesos del vivir son desarrollados en el fundamento filosà ³fico y à ©tico del cuerpo de la teorà ­a de Cuidado; todos esos aspectos juntos sirven como una guà ­a para la prà ¡ctica profesional, asà ­ como tambià ©n un esquema disciplinar para la Ciencia del Cuidado. Endereà §o: Jean Watson University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center 80262 Denver, Colorado, USA. Email: [emailprotected] Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Artigo original: Reflexà £o teà ³rica Recebido em: 15 de agosto de 2006. Aprovaà §Ãƒ £o final: 23 de fevereiro de 2007. 130 INTRODUCTION The origin of the original theory of human  caring was my first book − Nursing: the philosophy  and science of caring.1 This first work was published  before there was formal attention to nursing theory as  the disciplinary foundation for nursing science, education, and practice. The origin of the theory of human caring was  first work â€Å"emerged from my quest to bring new meaning and dignity to the world of nursing and patient care† and to the inner subjective life experiences of  self and other.2:49 It also served to provide an ethicalphilosophical foundation for the deeply human dimensions of nursing. The theoretical concepts were derived and  emerged from, my personal/professional experiences;  they were clinically inducted, empirically grounded and combined with my philosophical, intellectual, and experiential background. Thus, the early work emerged from my own values, beliefs, perceptions and experiences about rhetorical and ineffable questions, e.g. what does it mean to be human? What does it mean to care? What does it mean to heal? What does it mean to develop knowledge and practices about life phenomena and subjective human experiences? What is a living philosophical context for exploring nursing and life meaning in health and illness? Questions and views of personhood, life, death, change, health, healing, caring, wholeness, pain, suffering, and so on, were guiding my quest to identify a framework for nursing as a distinct entity, profession, discipline and science in its own right, separate from, but complementary to medicine. 1 My views were heightened by my commitment to the professional role and mission of nursing; its ethical covenant with society as sustaining human caring; in honoring the lived experience of self and other; in seeking to preserve humanity, even when threatened; attending to and helping to sustain human dignity, unity of oneness of being, to hold the other in their wholeness, even when they could not feel whole themselves. These are all activities which transcend illness, diagnosis, condition, setting,  and so on, and are enduring and timeless across time and space and changes in society and science.  Since then, the original work has expanded and evolved through a generation of other theory-based  books on caring that followed: â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theoryofnursing†.Connecticut(USA):Appleton/Century/ Crofts. Reprinted/republished, New York (NY/USA): Watson J National League for Nursing; 1988. Reprinted/republished, Massachusetts (USA): Jones Bartlett; 1999.3 â€Å"Postmodern sursing and seyond†. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill-Livingstone. Reprinted/republished, Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; 1999.4 â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005.5 The first book â€Å"Nursing: the philosophy andscience of caring†1 provided the original core and structure for the Theory of Human Caring: 10 Carative Factors. These factors were identified as the essential aspects of caring in nursing, without which perhaps nurses were not practicing professional nursing, but were functioning as technicians or skilled workers within the dominant framework of medical technocure science. The second book â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theory of nursing†3 expanded upon the philosophical, transpersonal aspects of a caring moment as the core framework; this focus placed the ideas more explicitly within a broader context of ethics, art and even metaphysics-spiritual, as deeper living phenomena within which nursing dwells, but often does not name, nor articulate, nor act on. As it has been pointed out in postmodern discourse today; â€Å"if a profession does not have its own language it does not exist†, thus it is important to name, claim, articulate and act upon the phenomena of nursing and caring and the subjectively real living experiences of self and other; this focus for nursing and caring science is essential if nursing is to fulfill its mandate and raison d’à ªtre for existing in science and society. This work makes more explicit that if nursing is to survive into this millennium then it has to sustain and make explicit its covenant with the public which includes knowledge, values, ethics and skilled practices of caring, healing, health, and living phenomena of human experiences. Thethirdbookâ€Å"Postmodernnursingandbeyond†4 brought a focus to the professional paradigm which is grounded in ontology of relations and an ethical-ontological foundation before the conventional epistemology of science and technology. The need to clarify the ontological foundation of Being-in-Relation within a Caring paradigm; the unity of mindbodyspirit/field was the focus of this work, going beyond the outdated separatist ontology of modern, Era I medical industrial thinking. It is here in this book that the spiritual and evolved energetic aspects of caring consciousness and intentionality and human presence and personal evolution of the practitioner became more developed. This evolution was placed within the emerging post –modern Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 131 cosmology of healing, wholeness, oneness which is an honoring of the unity of all, and the living experiences and life phenomena in which nursing dwells. My most recent theoretical book â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†5 was selected as an AJN Book of the Year Award (2006) in the category of research; it expands further upon the original work on caring, now placing Caring Science within an ethical-moralphilosophical − evolved scientific context, guided by the works of Emmanual Levinas (French)6 and Knud Logstrup (Danish). 7 This latest work seeks a science model that reintegrates metaphysics with the physical domain, and re-invites Ethics-of –Belonging, (to infinite field of Universal Cosmic Love) as before and underneath Being-by-Itself alone; this view is different, and separate from, the broader universal field of infinity, to which we all belong and return to from earth plane. This latest work brings a decidedly sacred dimension to the work of caring, making more explicit that living human experiences are a phenomena with spiritual and philosophical-ethical-moral dimensions; reminding us that we dwell in mystery. We dwell in mystery because we are working with the living processes, the life force, life energy, the soul if you will of another person. This focus makes more explicit that relational, existential-spiritual human caring dimensions and the deeply life processes, the deeper meaning of life are part of the inner healing journey we make with self and others on this earth plane passage; this happens when we are practicing within a caring-healing model. When we are conscious of an expanded cosmology and expanded deeper moral-ethical foundation as the nature of caring and human living processes, we have to arrive at a new understanding and humility. We are asked to acknowledge a need for wisdom, even to surrender, to that which is greater than Self, and the outer world controls, that often we think we have. With that background of my major books on Caring theory, Philosophy, and Caring Science the rest of this paper will explicate several of the conceptual aspects of the work; the core of the original work in context of its evolution; outlining the 10 Carative Factors (CF). DEVELOPMENT The Caritas Processes (CP) are juxtaposed against the original Carative Factors. The Caritas Processes are an extension of the other which have evolved; CP are intended to offer a more fluid language for understanding a deeper level of CF which capture the deeper dimensions of living processes of human experiences. The original terms and concepts of the Carative Factors needed to evolve as they seemed too set in the language of the earlier era, although still relevant. Nevertheless, in this article, I am using the two forms almost interchangeable. However, Caritas makes more explicit the connection between Caring and Love and human living processes. These aspects are more prominent in my last book on caring science.5 Some exemplars of how the work in used as a guide to transforming practices within the context of living processes are included in Box 1. Box 1 – 10 Carative factors and caritas processes. Original 10 Carative Factors, juxtaposed against the emerging Caritas Processes/ Carative Factors Caritas Processes 1. Humanistic –Altruistic Values. 1. Practicing Loving-kindness Equanimity for self and other. 2. Instilling/enabling Faith Hope. 2. Being authentically present to/enabling/sustaining/honoring deep belief system and subjective world of self/other. 3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to one’s self and other. 3. Cultivating of one’s own spiritual practices; deepening selfawareness, going beyond â€Å"ego self†. 4. Development of helping-trusting, human caring relationship. 4. Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship. 5. Promotion and acceptance of expression of positive and negative feelings. 5. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for. 6. Systematic use of scientific (creative) problemsolving caring process. 6. Creatively using presence of self and all ways of knowing/ multiple ways of Being/doing as part of the caring process; engaging in artistry of caring-healing practices. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 132 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning. 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, social, spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs. 10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological spiritual dimensions. Watson J 7. Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experiences that attend to whole person, their meaning; attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference. 8. Creating healing environment at all levels (physical, nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity and peace are potentiated. 9. Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional, caring consciousness of touching and working with embodied spirit of individual, honoring unity of Being; allowing for spiritual emergence. 10. Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, unknown existential dimensions of life-death; attending to soul care for self and one- being- cared- for. These 10 original Carative Factors remain as the timeless structural core of the Theory, while allowing for their evolving and emergence into more fluid aspects of the model captured by the 10 Caritas Processes. In introducing the original concepts of Carative Factors as core for a nursing philosophy and science, I was offering a theoretical counterpoint to notion of Curative so dominant in medical science. Thus, the Carative Factors helped to define a framework to hold the discipline and profession  of nursing; they were informed by a deeper vision and ethical commitment to the human dimensions /living processes of caring in nursing; the art and human science context. I was seeking to  address those aspects of professional nursing that transcended medical diagnosis, disease, setting,  limited and changing knowledge and technology of specialized foci. What remains as core? 10 Carative Factors (embellished by philosophical-ethic and value of Caritas consciousness). In moving from the concept of Carative, to Caritas I was making an overt evocation of love and caring to merge for an expanded paradigm to connect with the existential-spiritual dimensions and living processes of human experiences. Such a perspective ironically places nursing in its most mature paradigm, while reconnecting with heritage and foundation of Nightingale which is the spiritual living processes of our humanity. With Caritas incorporated more explicitly into my work, it locates the theory within an ethical and ontological contact as starting point for considering not only its science, but its societal human caring mission. This direction makes a more formal connection between caring and healing and the evolved human consciousness of living subjective experiences and life phenomena. The background for this work is published on my website. See www. uchsc.edu/nursing/caring for more information.8 CONTEXT FOR CARATIVE/CARITAS PROCESSES The Carative Factors/Caritas Processes are not complete without acknowledging the worldview and philosophical context which holds the concepts. For example: a cosmology of oneness of  Being; phenomenal field which honors the subjective-intersubjective inner life world, transpersonal caring relationship, caring occasion and caring moment. These wider dimensions serve to remind that any nurse – patient encounter can be considered a caring occasion wherein a â€Å"caring moment† can be created and experienced, depending upon  the consciousness, intentionality, and philosophical (theoretical) orientation which is guiding the nurse.2 A caring moment transcends time and space and continues as part of larger complex pattern of  life of both nurse and patient. Narrative related to Ten Carative Factors1 Humanistic: altruistic system of values Caring is grounded on a set of universal humanistic altruistic values. Humanistic values include kindness, empathy, concern, and love for self and others. They derive from childhood experiences and are enhanced by beliefs, cultures and art. Altruistic values arise from commitments to and satisfaction from receiving through giving. They bring meaning to one’s life through one’s belief and relationships with other people. Humanistic-altruistic feelings and acts provide the basis of human Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 133 caring and promote the best professional care, and as such, constitute the first and most basic factor for science and ethic of caring. Developing helping: trusting, caring relationship The human caring relationship is transpersonal. in that it connotes a special kind of relationship: a connection with the other person, a high regard for the whole person and their Being-in-the-world. In the transpersonal human caring relationship, the nurse enters into the experience of another person, and another can enter into the nurse’s experiences. It is an ideal of  intersubjectivity in which both persons are involved.  It is an art in which the nurse forms a union with the  other, connecting with the spirit-filled person, behind  the patient, that transcends the physical. This connection honors the upmost concern for human dignity and preservation of humanity. Enabling and sustaining faith and hope The history of medicine is replete with documentation of the importance of a person’s belief in faith and hope. For example, Hippocrates thought that an ill person’s mind and soul should be inspired before one’s illness was treated. IN many other examples, medicine itself was secondary to magic, incantations, spells, and prayers. In this Carative Factor, patient’s beliefs are encouraged, honored and respected as significant influences in promoting and maintaining health. Regardless of what scientific regimen is required for medical care of a person, the nurse should nurture faith and hope and the deep belief system of the one-being- cared for. Even when there is nothing left to do medically, the nurse nurtures a patient’s faith and hope in something or someone beyond his or her self. Sensitivity to self and other To be human is to feel. All too often people allow themselves to think their thoughts, but not feel their feelings. The only way to develop sensitivity to one’s self and to others is to recognize and feel one’s feelings. The development of self and the nurturing of judgment, taste, values, and sensitivity in human relationships evolve from emotional states. The development of feeling is encouraged by the humanities and compassionate life experiences. Sensitivity to self is the recognition and acknowledgement of feelings – painful as well as happy ones. It is cultivated by looking into oneself and a willingness to explore one’s own feelings. People who are not sensitive to and repress their own feelings may be unable to allow others to express and explore their feelings. Sensitivity to self not only leads to self-acceptance and psychological growth, but to sensitivity and acceptance of others. Nurses who are sensitive to others are better able to learn about another’s view of the world which, subsequently, increases concern for others’ comfort, recovery, and wellness. Nurses who recognize and use their sensitivity promote selfdevelopment and self-actualization, and are able to encourage the same growth in others. Without this factor nursing care would fall. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions Because feelings after thoughts, behavior, and experiences, they need to need to be acknowledged and considered in the human caring process. A focus on feelings and the â€Å"non-rational† emotional aspects of an event is necessary for nurses engaged in the human caring process. The caring relationship can move to a deeper, more honest and authentic level if he nurse allows for this CF. Further, in listening to and honoring another person’s feelings we honor their story which holds meaning and importance for them and their healing. By listening to another person’s story, it may be the greatest healing act we can offer. It may be the nurse who is the only one who listens to and  honors another’s story and all the magnitude of  feelings that accompany it.  Engaging in creative, individualized, problemsolving caring process Professional nursing employs the nursing  process, which is a creative, problem-solving  method to assist with decision –making in all nursing situations. A creative approach acknowledges that nurses use all ways of know/being/doing in  engaging in clinical caring. Nursing problems solving in not a linear one to one process, but often the nurse walks into a patient’s room and grasps  the â€Å"gestalt’ – reading the field, in the instant. This process involves full use of self and all of one’s faculties, knowledge, instincts, intuition, aesthetics, technology, skills, empirics, ethics, personal and even spiritual knowing. In a caring science model for practice, all knowledge is valu- 134 able and accessed for clinical caring. The process invites creative imagination as well as systematic scientific logic and technology. Transpersonal Teaching-Learning Nurses have a long history about the educational-teaching role; however there has been more emphasis on conveying information rather than a conscious intentionality to engage in authentic processes and relationships of mutuality and reciprocity, in that the nurse seeks to work from the patient’s frame of reference, grasping the meaning and significance of the information for the person, as well as the readiness and timeliness for the person to receive the information. This CF makes explicit that learning is more than just receiving information and data. It involves a caring relationship as context for any teaching learning. This CF evolves toward more of a coaching role in which the person becomes their own best teacher, in contrast to a conventional imparting- of- information role. Provision of supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment The purpose of providing such an environment is quality care and also healing/wholeness. The areas that involve this factor are: comfort; privacy; safety; clean; aesthetic surroundings. Nurses often have a great deal of control of  the environment, but without a consciousness of their obligations to take systematical responsibility for the environment to protect, support and/or correct the patient. More recently this factor has taken on entirely new meaning. In addition to acknowledging the environment as a functional, physical place to attend to in conventional way, one now is invited to consider  the nurse as influencing the patterns – for example,  using theory as guide to environment one can think  of the nurse as repatterning the environment to  promote healing, harmony, and use of caring-healing modalities to assist in patterning a more healing environment; e.g. imagery, visualization, relaxation,  music-sound, intentional touch, art and so forth.9,5 An even more expanded view of environment developed by Quinn9 and expanded by Watson5 suggests and invites us to consider the nurse as the environment. In this evolved framework we are invited to Watson J consider the practitioner and his/her evolved caring consciousness, presence, intentionality, and so forth, as the critical ingredient in the environment.5 In this view, then we have to turn toward the practitioner and the Nurse Self as an energetic, vibrational field, integral with the patient and outer environment. This is a unitary, caring science view of environment and raises new questions inspired by Quinn,9 for Caring Science Environment.5:94 If I am the environment, how can I Be a more caring-healing environment? How can I Become a safe space, a sacred vessel for this patient and his/her inner healing journey? In what ways can I look at, into this person (how am I to face this other) to draw out healing/ wholeness? How can I use my consciousness, my Being, my presence, my voice, my touch, my face, my hands, my heart for healing? Environment now takes on entirely different meaning with this evolved view, moving beyond physical environment, and having to pay attention to the nurse and his/her caring consciousness affecting the entire field. Assisting with gratification of Basic Human Needs, while preserving human dignity and wholeness Assistance with another’s basic needs gives nurses access to the physical body in a very intimate way. As such it is a privilege and great gift to society to take care of others when in need of care. In a Caring Science model it is acknowledged that the nurse however is not just touching one’ physical body or  meeting physical needs, but noting that when touching another we are not touching just the body, but embodied spirit. It is also made explicit in this  work that all needs are unified and interdependent; all needs are equally important and must be valued  and responded to for caring-healing. Allowing for, being open to, existential-phenomenological and spiritual dimensions of caring and healing This last CF brings up the phenomenon of  the unknowns, which cannot be explained scientifically, through the Western mind of modern medicine. This CF allows for mystery and philosophical, Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences metaphysical aspects of human experiences and phenomena which do not conform to conventional views of science and rational thinking. Nevertheless these unknowns are real to those affected. This CF allows for spiritual filled meanings and unknowns to emerge open to infinite possibilities for miracles. This CF honors spirit- filled meanings, cultural beliefs, myths, and metaphors and inner subjective life world of nurse and patients and families, allowing cures and miraculous cures and healings. CONCLUSION Finally this framework for Caring Science and practices proposes that nursing, individually and collectively, contributes to the preservation of humanity and seeks to sustain caring in instances where it is threatened. The Carative Factors/ Caritas Processes serve as structure and order for a theoretical − philosophical foundation for the discipline and profession of nursing. The moral ideals and caring factors and processes proposed foster the evolution and deepening of humankind and serve to sustain humanity. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 135 REFERENCES 1 Watson J. Nursing: the philosophy and science of caring. Boston (USA): Little Brown; 1979. Boulder (Colorado/USA): Colorado Associated University Press; reprinted 1985. 2 Watson J, The theory of human caring: retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly. 1997 Mar; 10 (1): 49-52. 3 Watson J. Nursing human science and human care: a theory of nursing. Connecticut (USA): AppletonCentury Crofts; 1985. New York (USA): National League for Nursing; reprinted 1988. Massachusetts (USA): Jones and Bartlett; reprinted 1999. 4 Watson J. Postmodern nursing and beyond. Edinburgh (Scotland):Churchill-Livingstone.NewYork(NY/USA): Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; reprinted 1999. 5 Watson J. Caring science as sacred science. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005. 6 Levinas E. Totality infinity. Pittsburgh (PA): Duquesne University; 1969. 7 Logstrup K. The ethical demand. Notre Dame (Indiana/ USA): University of Notre Dame; 1997. 8 Watson J. Theory of human caring [acesso em 2006 Nov 11].Disponà ­velem:http://www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 9 Quinn J. Holding sacred space: the nurse as healing environment.HolisticNursingPractice1992Apr;6(4):26-35.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls - Eva Smith :: English Literature

Eva Smith - character study. There are many reasons for the death of Eva Smith. Each one of the Birling family and Gerald pushed Eva Smith a little closer to suicide but no one person was solely responsible for her death. It was not only the Birling's that contributed to Eva Smith's death but her position in the world she was in, she was very poor and low in society Mr Birling was the first person who we were led to believe started off the train of events that led to the death of Eva Smith. I don't believe that Mr Birling did anything that ultimately push Eva to commit suicide the only thing he did was sack her from his factory after she started to cause trouble demanding higher wages and getting the other girls in the factory to go on strike. Most men in his position would have done the same. Mr Birling said to the inspector, 'She had a lot to say far too much so she had to go ´. Although I don't think that Mr Birling did anything really wrong regarding Eva he does not come off well throughout the play as he shows himself up a number of times because of his personality. The major fault in his personality is that he seems to show no remorse for Eva and his son Eric is annoyed by this. He seems to be a very hard man, and shows no regret for dismissing Eva which led to her death. Sheila was the second person that the Inspector turned on and her part in the run up to Eva's death shows her in an unfavourable light as she turned on Eva because she was jealous of her. Sheila wrongfully used her position as an important customer to turn Eva out of a job. She even admits, 'it was my own fault ´, and that she 'was in a furious temper ´. She was jealous of Eva describing her as a 'very pretty girl too - with big dark eyes ´. Although her actions show her to be a bad tempered, jealous and malicious person you get the impression as she begins to talk that that is quite a harsh view of her and that although she does have bad characteristics she isn ´t really as bad as you first think her to be. She shows herself to be honest admitting straight away all that she had done, that she caught sight of her smiling at the assistant and 'I was furious with her ´. Gerald was the third person to come under the spotlight.

Marketing †Brand Essay

1. Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of the international marketing environment of fast- food industry in US and evaluates the international marketing activities of McDonald’s, which is considered a key player. Firstly, the PEST framework is used to analyse external environmental factors influencing the industry. The Porter’s Five Forces framework is utilised to analyse the competitive rivalry within the industry, and its attractiveness for potential new entrants. Key players and their positioning was identified using a strategic-groups model, mapping brand value against global presence. Based on the industry analysis, McDonald’s was identified as the market leader and an examination of their market entry modes was carried out. Their international marketing mix was evaluated to identify success factors, drawing focus upon international branding, international distribution, international communications and standardisation vs. adaptation of the service offering. An internal analysis identified the firm’s strengths and weaknesses whilst an external analysis considered the opportunities and threats posed to McDonald’s as market leader. Finally, short and long term strategic and tactical recommendations were outlined in order to enhance McDonald’s competitive position within the global fast-food industry. These recommendations are both realistic and well supported, based upon the evaluation of their current strategy and activities. 3 2. Introduction The global fast-food industry is dynamic with a variety of competitors. This report identifies the current factors influencing the industry before specifically focusing on McDonald’s Corporation, who is considered as the current global leader. Based on this analysis, the report identifies several areas for improvement and makes strategic recommendations for McDonald’s to enhance its position. 4 3. International Marketing Analysis? 3. 1. PEST Analysis and Environmental Impact Matrix (Macro Environment) The following framework provides an analysis of the external international marketing environment, relating to the fast-food industry: *These ratings are based on the authors’ subjective judgement 5 Political Global fast-food firms must comply with country-specific political requirements, such as national minimum wage regulations, affecting costs. Hygiene and quality regulations vary significantly between nations and may influence the quality of products provided by fast-food outlets (FDA, 2012). Different countries set varying regulations regarding labelling and packaging. For instance the UK government pressured firms to promote healthy eating, and several fast-food companies have voluntarily included calorie information on their products (BBC, 2011). Economic Despite the 2008 recession and the resulting decrease in consumer confidence across the globe, average consumer fast-food spending has increased (The Economist, 2010) due to convenience and low-cost. Consumers are still looking for the convenience of eating out, but are drawn to the low prices of fast-food over table-service restaurants (Financial Times, 2009). Many fast-food chains have capitalised upon the recession by introducing new deals in addition to their already low-priced menus. Between 2005 and 2010, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe and Russia accounted for 89% of global growth in the fast-food industry (Passport, 2012). Social Increasing consumer awareness about healthy lifestyles has pressured many fast-food players to offer healthier selections within their menus (BBC, 2011). This includes offering low- calorie options and salads alongside burgers, and prominently displaying nutritional content. The fast-food industry has also been heavily criticised for targeting young children by including toys within children’s meals (New York Times, 2003). Recently in the UK, the broadcasting of ‘junk food’ adverts during commercial breaks in children’s programmes has been banned (BBC, 2007), following increasing childhood obesity. 6 Technological As consumer familiarity with new technology increases, fast-food firms are using channels such as social media websites to engage with their customers. For example, McDonald’s is the 9th most ‘liked’ brand on Facebook (CNBC, 2012) (Appendix 1). Additionally, digital displays allow outlets to change their menus efficiently, to suit the time of day (NRA, 2012) and self-service ordering points have increased service speed and reduced labour costs. Environmental Environmental lobbyists and governments are pressuring the fast-food firms to become more ‘green’ (Greenpeace, 2012). Rainforests are being destroyed to increase the area of land for beef production to meet the demand for beef-burgers (Kline, 2007). Recycling is a prominent global issue and in response, McDonald’s adopted recyclable packaging. Increased environmental awareness among consumers provides firms with a significant opportunity to position themselves as ‘green’ to garner customer loyalty (National Pollution Prevention Centre for Higher Education, 1995). Legal Global operators must comply with country-specific regulations and legislation. This includes opening hours, taxation and employment regulations such as the National Minimum Wage Regulations (1999) in the UK. Firms are often required to meet national food standards such as the requirements set out by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, authorities are becoming increasingly worried about childhood obesity associated with the industry (WHO, 2012) and have tightened regulations regarding targeting children. 7 3. 2. Porter’s Five Forces – Fast-food Industry This framework identifies the competitive forces affecting the fast-food industry: THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS Industry dominated by global chains with very high brand values High brand awareness and loyalty. Retaliation from strong incumbent players Low initial capital outlay Low fixed costs Economies of scale POWER OF SUPPLIERS Many undifferentiated suppliers Fast-food chains have high purchasing power due to high volume COMPETITIVE RIVALRY IN THE FAST-FOOD INDUSTRY Fragmented market Low exit costs Low margin, high turnover – drives competition High brand power POWER OF BUYERS High product differentiation Target many segments High price sensitivity THREAT OF SUBSTITUTIONS Alternative foodservice options Ready meals and home cooking ingredients Main players quite differentiated No switching costs. Convenience is the value adding component which is difficult to substitute 8 Threat of New Entrants – Moderate The industry is dominated by a number of international Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) chains, including McDonald’s, Burger King, Pizza Hut, KFC and Domino’s (Datamonitor, 2010). These global brands are extremely valuable, boasting strong customer loyalty and recognition; indicating consistent quality and service. Key players including McDonald’s, adapt their marketing orientation to suit local cultures and social norms (Datamonitor 2010), strengthening the brand and avoiding consumer alienation. New players struggle to compete with incumbent firms, as their brands are unknown and advertising campaigns are expensive. Established chains have the resources to retaliate aggressively through pricing promotions, deterring new players from entering the marketplace. New entrants lack economies of scale, which existing chains have developed over time, and utilise to remain competitive in this low-margin, high-turnover industry. However, social media websites have evened the playing field in terms of marketing communications; they allow firms to efficiently communicate their message inexpensively. Initial capital outlay and fixed costs are low, encouraging new entrants (Datamonitor, 2012). Threat of Substitutions – Moderate Substitutes are readily available: food can be purchased almost anywhere, through foodservice or retail. However, convenience is the value-adding component of the service which reduces the threat of substitutes. Consumers can cook at home cheaply, but this lacks the convenience element which people require nowadays. Ready-meals are therefore a more substantial threat, competing with fast-food on price as well as convenience. (Datamonitor, 2012). If you are ‘on-the-go’ however, without access to a microwave, QSRs are almost uncontested if you want a hot meal in a short timeframe. With many differentiated players (Datamonitor, 2012) and varying service offerings, customers can select the best value option. 9 Competitive Rivalry – Strong Although McDonald’s and Burger King almost hold a duopoly in the ‘burger segment’, the market as a whole is fragmented with many global chains and independent operators (Datamonitor, 2012). Competition is primarily cost-based with firms continuously investing in their production and service processes to undercut competitors. Exit costs are low and capacity is easily increased through franchising. Branding is the most prevalent weapon for competing; McDonald’s spent over $650 million on global advertising in 2009 (Datamonitor, 2012). Power of Buyers – Moderate Figure 1 shows sales and growth of the top ten fast-food companies (Euromonitor International, 2012). The market’s competitiveness increases buyer power and customers are price sensitive (Muhlbacker et al., 1999) with no switching cost between providers. However, key players attempt to reduce buyer power, offering a product range which caters for the entire demographic, rather than one specific segment. For example, McDonald’s target children with ‘Happy Meals’ and professionals with breakfast options and take-away coffee (McDonald’s, 2012). Firms are increasingly promoting differentiated products: McDonald’s â€Å"Big Mac†, Burger King’s â€Å"Whopper† and offers such as Domino’s â€Å"Two for Tuesday† campaign. High brand value and customer loyalty has reduced buyers’ bargaining power. The 2011 ranking of the top 100 brands indicates McDonald’s’ success (Interbrand, 2011). 10 Power of Suppliers – Moderate Figure 1: Top Ten Fast-food Companies by Growth. With a competitive global supply chain, supplier power is limited. â€Å"17,500 British and Irish farms that provide us with top-quality ingredients. † (McDonald’s – UK, 2012) These farms supply Tier 1 suppliers who transform raw materials into food items, ready for McDonald’s to cook and serve. Due to the number of suppliers in the industry, it is difficult for them to leverage significant power over fast-food firms. The supply of soft-drink is dominated by Coca-Cola (McDonald’s and Burger King) and Pepsi (KFC) due to their global distribution channels. Additionally, Coca-Cola and Pepsi provide fast-food chains with equipment such as refrigerators and drink dispensers. This markets their brand and aligns it with fast-food brands, reducing costs for customers, which would otherwise be passed onto them (SMO, 2011). 11 3. 3. Identification of Key Players and their Competitive Position 3. 3. 1. Strategic Groups The following framework identifies the key players in the international fast-food industry and identifies which firms are in the most direct competition with each other: Brand value and the chain’s global presence (Appendix 2) are significant indicators of overall performance. The above strategy-group chart maps the firms’ performance. Brand value (US$) is plotted against the chain’s global presence, in terms of the number of outlets worldwide. The strategy-grouping shows that McDonald’s has the 12 highest global market value and revenue in the industry, despite Subway having more international outlets. 4. Key Player – Evaluation of International Activities 4. 1. Identification of Key Player Based upon their global presence, market value and revenue, McDonald’s is identified as the key player in the industry. 4. 2. McDonald’s International Market Entry Modes In 1940, McDonald’s operated only one QSR but today has restaurants at 33,000 locations in 119 countries. McDonald’s utilises a variety of international market entry modes for rapid expansion: sole ventures, franchising, master franchising and joint ventures. 15% of McDonald’s branded restaurants are operated as sole ventures. This involves a significant capital commitment but allows the highest degree of control.? Most restaurants are operated as franchises, allowing rapid expansion without high capital requirements. Franchising has also allowed McDonald’s to benefit from local knowledge, demonstrated by the menu differences by country. However, McDonald’s maintains control over crucial aspects such as the supply chain, marketing mix and staff training. Master Franchising introduces a third party as a ‘go-between’ to overcome geographical and cultural barriers. The combination of the master franchisee’s local knowledge and McDonald’s brand and model has been a successful formula, allowing expansion whilst maintaining significant control. McDonald’s has also expanded internationally through joint ventures. Again, this allows for rapid expansion and utilises the knowledge of firms in closely-linked markets. Since 13 Both firms invest equity in the project, there is a lower financial risk for both parties; however, many joint ventures end in hostility and conflict due to firms taking advantage of one another (Brown and Harwood, 2010).

Human Trafficking In Our Wallets Essay

The exploitation and trafficking of women, men, and children is a humanitarian problem on a global scale in which â€Å"worldwide, there are between 12 million and 27 million trafficking victims†¦ the International Labor Organization estimates that more than 20 million men, women, and children are victimized by forced labor and sex trafficking worldwide, including the United States.† (Zurita) The United Nations Office of Drug and Crime defines human trafficking as: The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the removal of organs. There are two different types of exploitation: Consensual and nonconsensual. The next section, section 2, will inaugurate a communal vocabulary and define exactly what human trafficking is, consensual exploitation, and nonconsensual exploitation. Section 2: Origin of the Problem For thousands of years, human trafficking and exploitation has been  occurring throughout the world. Since the beginning of time with the ancient Greeks and Romans to the medieval times occurring into today’s society, people have been forced to into sexual and physical slavery. The 1400s manifested the start of European slave trading in Africa with the Portuguese people transporting people from Africa to Portugal as slaves. In 1562, Britain joined in on the slave trade and helped develop the colonies full of plantations. â€Å"Later in the 1600s Spain, North America, Holland, France, Sweden, and Denmark all became involved in human trafficking.† (Kangaspunta). Skipping forward to 1904, â€Å"the International Agreement for the Suppression of â€Å"White Slave Traffic† was signed and put into action. The purpose of this agreement was to protect women from being involved in white slave traffic. White slavery referred to forcing or deceiving a white woman or girl into prostitution.† (Kangaspunta). In 1927, after World War 1 the League of Nations focused on major international issues such as human trafficking. The Suppression of White Slave Traffic was changed to â€Å"traffic in women and children†. This was also the era when studies were conducted to find out the actual number of people trafficked. â€Å"Factors that were measured included the number of women engaged in prostitution, the demand, and the surrounding environment of the women who were trafficked as well as the traffickers† (Kangaspunta). In 1995, there was a immense accomplishment for women, children, and men everywhere. The United Nations recognized that trafficking was in fact an act of violence against women and the concept of trafficking was defined. (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women). During the fourth world conference they addressed issues such as enforcing international conventions on trafficking and human slavery, address the factors that encourage trafficking, set up laws and organizations who would help eliminate trafficking nationally and internationally. Finally in October of 2000, â€Å"the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 made human trafficking a federal crime and intact was to methods to prevent human trafficking overseas, to protect victims and help them rebuild their lives in the United States, and to prosecute traffickers of humans under Federal penalties.† (State). Section 2.1: What is Human Trafficking? Until 2000, no country, state, or city could settle on exactly the meaning  of trafficking. Originally, in 1927 trafficking was defined as white women and girls sold or forced into prostitution. Just like history; however, the definition of trafficking evolved to include types of force, fraud, or coercion beyond sexual exploitation. In 2000, the Fourth World Conference agreed to a definition for trafficking in people that can be found in the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children: The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the removal of organs. (Europol) Human trafficking has three elements that give the basis of the definition stated above: The Act (What is Done), The Means (How it is done), and The Purpose (Why is it done). Shown below is a chart from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime that explains exactly what each section does and how it contributes to the definition of human trafficking. Along with the definition that was decided to be used internationally, Congress decided to define and classify trafficking into two different categories: sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Sex trafficking is: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coerci on, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is younger than age 18. A commercial sex act means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. Types of sex trafficking include prostitution, pornography, stripping, live-sex shows, mail-order brides, military prostitution, and sex tourism. (Clawson). Labor trafficking is defined as: â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery† (Resettlement). Just like sex trafficking, labor trafficking has several forms of practices  such as bonded labor, forced labor, and child labor. Bonded labor: Better known as debt bondage and is the least known form of trafficking; however, it has the highest and widest method of enslaving people. Victims become bonded laborers when their labor is demanded as a means of repayment for a loan or service in which its terms and conditions have not been defined or in which the value of the victims’ services as reasonably assessed is not applied toward the liquidation of the debt. (Resettlement) Forced labor is â€Å"a situation in which victims are forced to work against their own will, under the threat of violence or some other form of punishment, their freedom is restricted and a degree of ownership is exerted. Forced labor can include domestic servitude, agricultural labor, sweatshop factory labor, janitorial, food service and other service industry labor, and begging. (Resettlement) Child labor is a form of work that is likely to be hazardous to the health, physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development of children and often interferes with their education. Section 2.2: What is exploitation? Exploitation is defined as â€Å"the action or fact of treats someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work† (editors). Exploitation is broken down into two different forms just like sexual trafficking. The two forms of exploitations are: nonconsensual and consensual. â€Å"Nonconsensual forms of exploitation involve an element of coercion, fraud, or deception, whereas consensual exploitation typically results from a lack of other economic opportunities and leads to the unfair treatment of the exploited.† (Koettl) The other form of exploitation is consensual form which allows victims to exploit their self because they have no other options. This can be the case in lower income families and also causes these cases to often turn into nonconsensual cases. Section 3: Problem Statement The availability of data on human trafficking and how it affects the economy on the Gulf Coast is quite limited. Due to limited amount of data I believe proving that the economy on the Gulf Coast is indeed affected by humans being trafficked along our major roadways and through our waters. However, I do have some data and information that pertain to human trafficking and the economy as it correlates around the United States and around the rest of the world. Victims of human trafficking correlate by their economic social  status and lack of family support or work opportunities. Section 4: Who are the Victims? Most of the victims are in such poverty that they will do whatever it takes to help their family survive. Victims are lured by false promises of a job, stability, education, or a loving stable family. Human trafficking is a never ending cycle with an economic crisis surfacing; the demand for cheap fast labor is quickly on the rise. Due to the economy plummeting people are look for jobs farther away from their homes to support their families. Due to this people are becoming homeless and unemployed with no one looking for them which gives traffickers the perfect victim. The perfect victim is someone who no one is going to miss, illiterate most times, completely poor, and often live under very serious health violations and do not have enough food to feed their self. As these people become poor and poor, human traffickers are going to be able to start connecting more supply of labor to areas where labor is demanded. Most importantly to remember about these victims is that anyone can be a victim. Lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender have reported that they are more likely and more vulnerable to traffickers who prey on the desperation of those wanting to escape social alienation and maltreatment. Section 4.1: Who are the Traffickers? Human traffickers typically involve an organized crime group who specialize in this area. They generate a huge profit for their criminal organization or for individuals they make a huge profit for their own personal gain. In a recent study conducted by Advocates for Freedom, 52% of those recruiting victims were men, 42% were women, and 6% was a male and a female working together. While 54% of the cases the recruiter was a stranger to the victim and the other 46% the victim knew their recruiter. One of the incentives for trafficking is going to be the vast profit that these traffickers, buyers, and criminal societies that keep the companies going strictly for this reason. In all honesty, human trafficking brings in billions of billions of dollars in profit. In the United States, traffickers are making $67, 200 annually per victim. However, it is the distribution of the money  that continues to spark poverty and unemployment and allows traffickers to always have new â€Å"workersâ⠂¬ . Section 4.2: Economic Impacts Poverty, unemployment, and a lack of opportunity in the workforce makes millions of people look for a better life by leaving places they love and call home. This big business brings the United States $32 billion annually and every year traffickers alone make $4,000 to $50,000 per person trafficked depending on the victim’s place of origin and destination. Every time a person is trafficked that country’s economy takes a significant loss of human and social capital. It also effects the economy due to the hindrance in the educational process and the victims’ psychological health sometimes makes the person exclude themselves from society due to their trauma. When victims exclude their self from society, the economy in that particular area is no longer gaining the revenue that could have been earned from this victim from something as minor as buying a new dress for a company dinner. The cost of trafficking incorporates many elements that effect the economic impact such as â€Å"the resources devoted to its prevention, the treatment and support of victims and the apprehension and prosecution of offenders.† (Nations) Trafficking also results in a significant loss of human resources and tax revenue reductions. Furthermore, trafficking redirects the benefits of migration from the migrant, family, community, and government to strictly the trafficker and their associates. Many countries, the United States included, suffer from the economic effects of human trafficking which include: lack of law enforcement, decrease in human productivity due to health conditions, and circulation of money throughout the criminal organization. Section 5: What does this have to do with Mississippi? Mississippi does in fact have human trafficking that has turned into a heinous system operation here in our backyards. Even though law enforcement and even Mississippi Attorney General’s Office have put together a task force that specializes in trafficking, more than 350,000 people are still sliding by undetected and unreported. Here in Mississippi traffickers are using the Gulf of Mexico, Highway 90, and Interstate 10 as the most popular  outlets out of the state. If we continue to allow trafficking to happen right here on the Gulf Coast, we are going to see a huge change in the labor mark and economic dislocation. The Gulf Coast is slowly going to see people compelled to leave their homes in search of a better living and as a result of this the people of the Gulf Coast are going to become involved in human trafficking. Another side effect of allowing trafficking to continue is due to the Gulf Coast being right against the Gulf of Mexico, we are going to begin seeing a huge flood of humans from less developed regions pull into our docks. Traffickers are increasingly utilizing the Gulf of Mexico as an entry point which allows traffickers to sell their victims to local business owner. In return, local business owners are going to â€Å"hire† these victims and not hire local people to do a job because they can pay less to the victims and save their self-money. If this was to continue to occur, the people of the Gulf Coast are going to have to migrate away for a better life and thus start the train of trafficking all over again. Section 6: Literary Review Reported estimates of human trafficking worldwide, in the United States, and specifically in Mississippi were reviewed to gain statistical information and other pertinent details. The research was conducted by Web sites of Federal agencies, legal cases that involve acts of human trafficking, different databases such as Europol, and three books. The first book: The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today written by Kevin Bales and Ron Soodalter talks about the heinous and disturbing cases of human trafficking through different voices such as slaves, traffickers, counselors, and law enforcement. The second book is The Red Market written by Scott Carney and it describes illegal trading and trafficking especially of humans and their body parts. Lastly, the third book: Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy by Moises Naim and it talks about investigations that prove the economy is changing due to traffickers. Section 7: Methodology The data was gathered over a multitude of months by using the internet, books, and interviews with people inside the FBI, police forces locally, WXXV Alyssa Meisner, and Advocates for Freedom Mrs. Harvill. For the past  couple of months I have analyzed each piece of evidence presented to me and came to the conclusion that human trafficking does indeed affect the economy in Mississippi. However, there was some limitations that I found during my research. The primary limitation of this paper is the lack of data for Mississippi, particularly data for trafficking on the Gulf Coast. For example, there were plenty of news articles about human trafficking happening on the Gulf Coast, but there was no statistical information pertaining to the Gulf Coast. Section 8: Conclusion In conclusion, the exploitation and trafficking of men, women, and children is a humanitarian problem that affects the economy in a multitude of ways. Through this paper, the definition of human trafficking has become clearer to the audience as well as the economic affects human trafficking has not only in the United States but also right here on the Gulf Coast. Works Cited Agatucci, Cora. African Slave Trade and European Imperialism. 1 January 2010. 27 October 2014. . Anderson, Rebbecca. Human Trafficking in Schools Kimberly Anderson. 6 February 2015. Recorded. Bank, Inter- American Development. Human trafficking’s dirty profits and huge costs. 2 November 2006. 12 October 2014. . Center, Northeastern University Education Technology. Human Trafficking: Data Collection and Reporting Problems. 2011. 12 October 2014. . Clawson, Heather. Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States. August 2009. 21 November 2014. . Crime, United Nations Office on Drugs and. Human Trafficking. 2014. 14 November 2014. . editors, Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster Dictionary. 1803. 15 October 2014. .

2pac Flaws Essays

2pac Flaws Essays 2pac Flaws Essay 2pac Flaws Essay Tupac Shakur the Tragic figure Tupac was born in New York City, where he attended a prestigious Baltimore School of the Arts as a teenager that helped him launch his tragic career. Later on moved to Oakland California were the gangster rap started. He started out as a second-string rapper and dancer for Digital Underground, joining only after they had already landed their biggest hit. . By 1994, 2Pac rivaled Snoop Dogg as the most controversial figure in rap, spending as much time in prison as he did in the recording studio. Shakur has become a legend in hip-hop and rap circles for his talent, his violent behavior, and his brutal death. Tupac Shakur to millions of people was either a poet, a MC, a rapper, movie star or just a public menace or figure; to me he was a tragic symbol. Although Tupac became wealthy and famous during the time he either live or wasn’t in jail, Tupac lived a tragic life. Like any other human Tupac had flaws. He seems to be living up to his aggressive gangster rap image with several arrests for violent offenses in the 1990’s. Tupac himself was a victim to violence, getting shot five times in the lobby of a recording studio during a mugging. As a rapper he never let anything let go he always had something to say back and the fans loved it, as he said himself, because of my big mouth. Tupac had become involved in a feud between East Coast and West Coast rappers. He was known to insult his enemies on his tracks.

British Airways Performance Analysis Assignment - 1

British Airways Performance Analysis - Assignment Example The above ratios reveal the comparative performance of BA for the two years under consideration. Profitability- wise operating profit ratio has registered a commendable performance in 2008 as compared to 2007. In fact ‘the operating profit margin measures the percentage of each sales dollar remaining after all cost other than interest, taxes, and preferred stock dividend are deducted. It represents pure profits earned on each dollar.†(Lawrence J Gitman, page 67) The performance of BA has been excellent raising its operating profit ratio from 7.09% in 2007 to 10% in 2008 despite the fact that the rise in revenue is merely 3%. In the year 2007 total revenue was  £ 8492m and that has risen only to  £ 8753m. The extremely good profitability performance is again corroborated by the fact that return on equity has gone up from a mere 8.39% to 21.74%. Such a large increase in return on equity is remarkable when the total equity has risen from  £ 2411m in 2007 to  £ 3233m. Overall BA has performed extremely well on profitability front. Liquidity has been a problem for BA in both years. Liquidity reflects the short term solvency situation of a company. Liquidity position provides an idea about whether the company is in a position to meet its short term obligations when those become due. Liquidity of a company is aptly reflected by its current ratio. The current ratio of 2:1 is considered optimum for any industry, but this standard again differs from industry to industry. BA has a current ratio of 0.95: 1 in 2007 and 0.97:1 in 2008. By any standard, the current ratio is much lower than the required standard. BA is facing a liquidity crunch and if it continues like this BA might face difficulties in meeting its short term obligations. Current ratio change in 2008 when compared to 2007 is not even noticeable. The contributing major factors to the deteriorating the liquid position of BA are current interest-bearing deposits that have depleted from  £ 1642m in 2007 to  £ 1181m in 2008. Liquidity is certainly a cause of concern for BA.  

The amygdala is responsible for emotions. Discuss Essay

The amygdala is responsible for emotions. Discuss - Essay Example Along this line, man for centuries had thought about an ultimate purpose for his existence and place in the grand scheme of things. He had thought about God and what happens after a life here on earth. Man likewise has considered a lot of things in his life for which there are no easy answers as yet. Among these considerations is how to define consciousness. Consciousness is something humans easily understand but this concept has defied so far any attempts to define it in a precise manner. Perhaps a common definition is it is an awareness of anything at any given moment. However, it is certainly something that is mysterious but also familiar to most of us. Consciousness can be narrowly defined in medical terms such as a person who is alert and responsive to various stimuli but in psychology, consciousness is different. In the same manner, humans are also interested in knowing the ultimate cause of his own emotions. There is no question that thoughts originate in the brain but there h ad been some types of dispute with regard to the origin of our emotions. People of earlier times had ascribed it to our hearts as the seat of emotions. This view is common among the hopeless romantics in our midst but lately, science has indicated otherwise. Recent scientific research studies had shown us our emotions emanate from a part of our brain to an almond-shaped mass in our temporal lobes. Discussion Much of what is known today about human behaviors is through a new branch of science known as bio-psychology. It is known by many other names such as psycho-biology, biological psychology and physiological psychology. However named, it is a study of complex relationship between our biology and human behavior. In other words, this science attempts to find biological links to our own behavior and foremost among its research objectives is to find a logical solution or explanation for our emotions. In particular, this branch of science tries to find biological basis for emotions suc h as joy, pleasure, laughter, sorrow, pain and grief. To narrow it down further, it attempts to explain emotions in terms of physiology (or our various bodily living systems) and in particular, how the brain controls our thinking and behavior patterns (Alder, 2000, p. 5). This paper deals with some of the theories being put forward on how to explain emotions. Moreover, the discussion here can hopefully help to shed light on some perplexing behaviors that are sometimes observed in humans and maybe make people understand them a bit more. Like the issue of consciousness given as an example earlier, emotions are quite complex and do not easily lend themselves to categorizations in terms of their origins or causes. The debate on where and how emotions originate is a bit contentious just like what is that observed or discussed with regards to consciousness. Emotions and consciousness are two very closely related topics of interest to psychology, and questions such as how to detect emotion s or consciousness in ill or comatose people are important as well as how to measure them precisely, or whether animals have consciousness or even if artificial intelligence can eventually have it. Learned Behavior – the human mind is a complex thing to observe and is therefore very mysterious. Much of what has been known and learned about it sometimes came by accident. A strange case like that of Phineas Gage is often cited in medical literature to show that even more serious injury can occur to the brain but without